What is rated ripple current

XRP Coin Price & Market Data

XRP price today is $0.844439 with a 24-hour trading volume of $2,683,580,448 . XRP price is down -2.3% in the last 24 hours. It has a circulating supply of 46 Billion XRP coins and a max supply of 100 Billion. If you are looking to buy or sell XRP, Binance is currently the most active exchange.

What is Ripple?

Ripple is a privately-held fintech company that provides a global payment solution via its patented payment network called Ripple Network (also known as RippleNet). RippleNet is a payment network that is built on top of Ripple’s consensus ledger, called XRP Ledger (also known as XRPL). Ripple funded the development of the open-source XRP Ledger.

Unlike most cryptocurrencies out there that cater to peer-to-peer needs, Ripple was made to connect banks, payment providers and digital asset exchanges, enabling real-time settlement expeditions and lower transaction fees.

What is the XRP Ledger?

XRP Ledger (XRPL) is the open-source distributed ledger that is created by Ripple. The native cryptocurrency of the XRP Ledger is XRP.

Compared to Bitcoin (BTC) which uses a distributed blockchain whose transactions are processed and secured by proof-of-work mining, XRP transactions are processed by a network of trusted validators on the XRP Ledger.

Ripple transactions are publicly recorded on its open-source distributed consensus ledger which has a similar data structure to a blockchain where the successive data block includes the hash of the previous block. However, its consensus mechanism is different from Bitcoin or Ethereum. It does not rely on Proof of Work (PoW) and therefore there is no mining involved with XRP.

XRP instead relies on a consensus algorithm known as the Ripple Protocol Consensus Algorithm. The XRPL’s integrity is maintained by a group of trusted nodes. All transactions must be agreed by a supermajority of these trusted nodes for it to achieve consensus and be included in the XRP Ledger.

How does it reach a consensus if there is no mining?

XRPL uses a different set of rules called the Ripple Consensus Protocol Algorithm (RCPA). The RCPA defines how XRPL is managed by a network of independent Ripple validator nodes. Any Ripple transaction needs to be verified by at least 80% of the nodes on the network.

Anyone can become a validator. However, Ripple maintains a given set of validators that can be trusted. This trusted list of nodes is called the Unique Node List (UNL).

If Alice wants to send 1,000 Japanese Yen to her cousin Bob in India, Alice could send it to the participating financial institutions. The JPY will be converted to XRP and will be validated by the servers in the network. Bob could withdraw the money in Indian Rupee once validated. The remittance can be done within seconds.

What is the difference between XRP, XRP Ledger, Ripple, and Ripple Network?

XRP is the native token and the ticker symbol of the XRP Ledger

XRP Ledger is the distributed consensus ledger

Ripple (formerly known as Ripple Labs) is the company behind Ripple Network

Ripple Network is a global network payment built on top of the XRP Ledger

Who created Ripple?

Ripple was first started in 2004 by Ryan Fugger, who developed the first version of Ripple, called RipplePay. n 2012, Fugger handed it to Jed McCaleb and Chris Larsen, where they co-founded OpenCoin. In 2013, OpenCoin then rebranded to Ripple Labs Incorporated. In 2016, Ripple Labs rebranded to Ripple. Chris is currently the Executive Chairman of Ripple.

Jed McCaleb was previously the founder of Mt. Gox, the first Bitcoin exchange. He had a falling out with the Ripple team and forked the Ripple codebase to start Stellar. He is currently the CTO of Stellar.

Brad Garlinghouse is currently the CEO of Ripple.

What is the purpose of Ripple?

Mediator

There are many currencies that can’t be converted directly to each other. For example, if you want to convert currency A to currency B, you will need to do a double conversion: Currency A to USD and USD to Currency B. In this case, USD is the mediator that acts as a global bridge that connects different fiat currencies from the originators to the beneficiaries. XRP holds the same role but it is much cheaper than USD. The cost of a transaction on the Ripple protocol is about 0.00001 XRP and currently, 1 XRP price is at

$0.15, which would cost you next to nothing.

Fast remittance

Compared with the traditional remittance market, it can take up to 48 hours to transfer your money internationally. However, the average transaction time using XRP is 4 seconds.

Can Ripple create more XRP?

No. XRP has been pre-mined with a supply cap of 100 billion tokens.

Is Ripple different from Bitcoin?

The total supply of XRP is capped at 100 billion while the total supply of Bitcoin is capped at 21 million.

XRP’s average transaction speed is 4 seconds while Bitcoin’s transaction speed is 10 minutes.

XRP Ledger could handle 1,500 transactions per second, which is 600 times faster than Bitcoin. Bitcoin can only handle an average of around 2.5 transactions per second.

While XRP outperforms Bitcoin in terms of transactions per second, it has a different underlying consensus mechanism (trusted validators on XRP Ledger vs. distributed miners on Bitcoin) and therefore does not offer the same security that Bitcoin offers.

Can I long or short XRP?

Yes, you can long or short XRP with leverage. There are more than ten Perpetual Swaps or Futures to choose from across the many derivative exchanges such as BitMEX, Binance Futures, FTX, and many more.

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Ripple Current and its Effects on the Performance of Capacitors

source: Capacitor Faks blog

Capacitors are critical elements in most analog and digital electronic circuits. They are used for a broad array of applications including decoupling, filtering, bypassing, coupling, and so on. Different applications have different performance requirements and demand capacitors with specific characteristics. The power dissipated by a capacitor is a function of ripple current and equivalent series resistance. As such, the ripple current capability is one of the key parameters to consider when selecting a capacitor for a specific application. Other critical parameters include capacitance, voltage rating, equivalent series resistance, and equivalent series inductance.

In most electronic devices, the DC current signal applied to a circuit has an AC portion. This AC portion is referred to as the ripple current. Some capacitors have high ripple current ratings while others have low ripple current ratings. Although there are standards for calculating these ratings, some manufacturers use their own techniques. In capacitors, power loss and internal heating are dependent on ripple current.

The temperature rise depends on ripple current, thermal resistance, and equivalent series resistance. The overall thermal resistance is dependent on thermal resistance between the component and the ambient environment and internal thermal resistance. Thermal resistance varies from one capacitor to another depending on external surface area and internal construction. In most capacitors, the equivalent series resistance is dependent on operating temperature and frequency.

The ripple current degrades a capacitor by raising its internal temperature. The failure rate of capacitors is directly related to the temperature of operation, and operating capacitors at high temperatures shortens their life. As such, ripple current lowers the reliability of capacitors, thereby limiting the overall reliability of electronic devices. For some capacitors, manufacturers recommend voltage deration when they are operated at temperatures above 85C. Since ripple current increases the core temperature of a capacitor, it is a parameter of interest when considering the voltage deration requirements for a given capacitor.

Ripple current for ceramic capacitors
Internal heating within ceramic capacitors is a problem that affects the performance of many electronic circuits. In these capacitors, the maximum ripple current is determined by temperature characteristics of the component. The ripple current of ceramic capacitor varies depending on the temperature of operation. Ceramic capacitors operating at higher temperatures have less ripple current capability compared to those operating at lower temperatures. For this reason, this parameter is usually measured at room temperature. The method of measuring ripple current of these components varies from one manufacturer to another. As such, it is critical to understand the method used by a supplier when analyzing ripple current data for different capacitors.

Exceeding the ripple current rating of a ceramic capacitor can significantly affect its performance. Although heating a capacitor beyond the temperature specified by the manufacture may not cause immediate failure, overheating ceramic capacitors accelerates their failure rate. Compared to small footprint components, physically larger ceramic capacitors have higher tolerances to ripple current. The greater thermal mass and volume of larger capacitors enables them to absorb more energy, and it takes more time before their maximum rated temperature is reached.

The coefficients of thermal resistance for ceramic capacitors of a given chip size can be different. This is due to variation in the number of electrode plates. High capacitance components have more electrode plates compared to low capacitance components of same size. Electrode plates act as heat sinks, and capacitors with a higher number of these plates release heat from their ceramic blocks more easily when compared to components of same size but with fewer plates.

Heating in ceramic capacitors can cause thermal gradients. These thermal gradients can cause cracking. To prevent cracking, the maximum temperature rise in ceramic capacitors is usually limited to 50C. Unlike aluminum and tantalum capacitors, ceramic capacitors are not prone to negative ripple voltage pulse problem. This is because ceramic capacitors are non-polar components.

Ripple current for tantalum capacitors
Within a chip tantalum capacitor, heat is generated by DC leakage current and by the AC signal. This heat is lost to the surroundings through a combination of the following heat transfer methods: conduction, convection, and radiation. The rate at which heat is lost to the surroundings depends mainly on the temperature gradient between the component and the ambient temperature. At a specified frequency, the heat generated by ripple current is equal to the product of the square of the rms value of the current and the ESR of the capacitor, I2R. On the other hand, the leakage current generates heat that is equal to the product of the current and the applied voltage.

Most of today’s high performance circuits operate at high switching speeds, high currents, and low voltages that demand very low ESR capacitors. Capacitor manufacturers have been reducing the equivalent series resistance of tantalum capacitors to meet the evolving requirement of electronic circuits. For low-voltage circuits that operate at high currents such as some modern CPUs, the demand for very low ESRs is even higher. Low equivalent series resistance enables capacitors to withstand high ripple currents. In comparison, capacitors with high ESR ratings dissipate more heat, and are unsuitable for high ripple current environments. Since temperature rise in tantalum capacitors is a function of ESR, ripple current flowing through a capacitor, and thermal resistance, reducing ESR helps to improve the ripple current capability of these components.

Electronic circuits that operate at very high clock speeds have higher current requirements compared to those that operate at lower speeds. Circuits operating at such high speeds expose capacitors to large ripple currents, and very low ESR components are required to minimize power dissipation. Excess power dissipation can raise the internal temperature of tantalum capacitors to unacceptable limits. Exposing tantalum capacitors to high temperatures lowers their reliability and increases their susceptibility to failure.

Ripple current for aluminum electrolytic capacitors
Aluminum electrolytic capacitors are used for a broad spectrum of applications including energy storage, smoothing, and filtering applications. Some applications such as smoothing and filtering load electrolytic capacitors with AC ripple current. This ripple current causes power dissipation and heating, and subjecting electrolytic capacitors to high temperatures shortens their life. In addition, high temperatures affect capacitance, aluminum resistivity, electrolyte conductivity, and leakage current of these electrolytic capacitors.

In many electronic circuits, the capacitor is the component that limits the life of the system. As such, it is important to consider all the factors that can accelerate the failure rate of these components when analyzing the overall reliability of a system. For aluminum electrolytic capacitors, the factors that can accelerate failure include extreme temperatures, reverse bias, extreme frequencies, transients and high voltages.

Temperature rise in aluminum electrolytic capacitors is a function of equivalent series resistance, root mean square value of current flowing through a capacitor, and thermal characteristics of a component. The hot spot temperature, temperature at a given spot within a capacitor, is the key factor that determines the operational life of an aluminum electrolytic capacitor. The hot spot temperature is a function of the ambient temperature, thermal resistance, and power loss due to AC current. Inside an aluminum electrolytic capacitor, temperature rise and power loss have a linear relationship. Power loss in electrolytic capacitors is mainly due to voltage changes across the dielectric, leakage current losses, and ohmic resistance losses.

When selecting an electrolytic capacitor for power electronics applications, it is important to select components that are optimized to withstand high ripple currents. Such capacitors are specially designed to operate under severe conditions. The most common way of enhancing the ripple current capability of electrolytic capacitors is by minimizing the equivalent series resistance.

The equivalent series resistance of electrolytic capacitors decreases with an increase in the number of electrodes tabs. Increasing laser-welded tabs enhances ripple current capability, thus reducing internal heating and lengthening the life of a capacitor. In addition, using multiple laser-welded tabs helps to improve vibration and shock resistance of aluminum electrolytic capacitors.

Ripple current for film capacitors
In power electronic circuits, film capacitors are used for a wide range of applications including DC-link and DC output filtering applications. Polypropylene is widely used in the construction of film capacitors. This dielectric material offers low dissipation factor, and has good performance over a wide range of temperatures and frequencies. As compared to aluminum electrolytic capacitors, film capacitors have higher ripple current capacity and voltage capability. The ripple current capacity of these capacitors is about three times that of aluminum electrolytic capacitors. In addition, film capacitors have high tolerance to shock and vibrations.

Film capacitors, compared to conventional electrolytic capacitors, have lower equivalent series resistance. This characteristic enables these capacitors to tolerate higher ripple currents. Furthermore, the ESR of polymer film capacitors is relatively constant over a wide range of temperatures. As in other capacitors, ripple current causes power dissipation in film capacitors. This power dissipation raises the internal temperature of film capacitors, thus reducing their life. The operational life of metallized polymer film capacitors is greatly determined by the core temperature.

Conclusion
The ripple current capability of a capacitor is one of the key parameters to consider when selecting a capacitor for a given application. The AC ripple current causes power dissipation and heating in capacitors. In most capacitors, temperature rise is a function of ripple current and equivalent series resistance. Using capacitors with very low ESRs helps to minimize power dissipation and enhance the capacity of the circuit to withstand high ripple currents. The operational life of most types of capacitors is greatly determined by internal temperature, hence the need to minimize the heat generated by ripple current.

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