All steps private key bitcoin

How to Generate a Bitcoin Address — Step by Step

Here is a bash script that does what is outlined below: https://bit.ly/2MIgeOD

Introduction

This is a hands-on, technical guide about the generation of Bitcoin addresses including private and public keys, and the cryptography involved.

Learn more and join people in 22 countries around the world in my course on how to Become a Bitcoin + Blockchain Programmer.

This guide will walk you through all the steps to generate a Bitcoin address using the command line on a Mac. Similar steps should be possible on other operating systems using similar cryptographic tools. Lines starting with $ denote terminal commands, which you can type and run (without the $ of course).

Dependencies

• brew — Installation: https://brew.sh/
• pip — Installation: sudo easy_install pip
• libressl — Installation: brew install libressl
• base58 — Installation: pip install base58

Note: To do the contained openssl cli commands, I installed libressl in order for some of the elliptic curve commands to work as the current version of openssl cli on mac has a bug.

Cryptography Primer

Public Key Cryptography

Or asymmetric cryptography, is a type of cryptography that uses key pairs, each of which is unique. The pair of keys includes a public key and a private key. This is the type of cryptography that Bitcoin uses to control funds. A public key can be generated from a private key, but not vice-versa (computationally too difficult). Also, something encrypted with a private key can be decrypted with the public key, and vice-versa, hence they are asymmetric.

• Encryption: When a user has a public key, a message can be encrypted using a public key, which can only be read by the person with the private key. This also works in reverse.
• Digital Signatures: A user can, with their private key and a hash of some data, use a digital signature algorithm such as ECDSA, to calculate a digital signature. Then, another user can use the algorithm to verify that signature using the public key and the hash of the same data. If it passes, this proves a user did in fact submit a specific message, which has not been tampered with.
• Digital Fingerprint: Is a way to represent an arbitrarily large data set by computing the hash of it to generate a fingerprint of a standard size. This fingerprint would be so difficult to replicate without the same exact data, which can be assumed to have not been tampered with.

Private keys are what prove you can send Bitcoin that has been sent to you. It is like the password to your bank account. If you lose it or someone else gets a hold of it, you’re toast.

Public keys help people know how to send you Bitcoin.

Creating a Bitcoin Address

Private Key Generation

Private keys can be any 256 bit (32 byte) value from 0x1 to 0xFFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF BAAE DCE6 AF48 A03B BFD2 5E8C D036 4140 .¹

The total possible number of private keys is therefore 2²⁵⁶ or 1.16 x 10⁷⁷. Imagine the total number of atoms in your body, then imagine that each of those atoms is an earth. The total number of atoms on all of those earths is about 7 x 10⁷⁷.² There is virtually no chance that your random private key will ever be generated randomly or found by someone else.

A common (but not the most secure) way of creating a private key is to start with a seed, such as a group of words or passphrases picked at random. This seed is then passed through the SHA256 algorithm, which will always conveniently generate a 256 bit value. This is possible because every computer character is represented by an integer value (see ASCII and Unicode).

Note: SHA256 is a one-way, deterministic function meaning that it is easy to compute in one direction, but you cannot reverse it. In order to find a specific output, you have to try all the possible inputs until you get the desired output (brute forcing) and it will always produce the same output given the same input, respectively.

The seed can be used to generate the same private key if the same hashing algorithm is used in the future, so it is only necessary to save the seed.

This private key is in hexadecimal or base 16. Every 2 digits represents 8 bits or 1 byte. So, with 64 characters, there are 256 bits total.

Public Key Generation

Public keys are generated from the private keys in Bitcoin using elliptic curve ( secp256k1 ) multiplication using the formula K = k * G , where K is the public key, k is the private key, and G is a constant called the Generator Point⁴, which for secp256k1 is equal to:

It doesn’t seem to be known how this point was chosen by they designers of the curve. Also, this algorithm is a one-way algorithm, or a “trap door” function so that a private key cannot be derived from the public key. It is important to note that elliptic curve multiplication is not the same as scalar multiplication, though it does share similar properties.

To do this in the terminal from our private key earlier,

This public key contains a prefix 0x04 and the x and y coordinates on the elliptic curve secp256k1 , respectively.

Compressed Public Key

Most wallets and nodes implement compressed public key as a default format because it is half as big as an uncompressed key, saving blockchain space. To convert from an uncompressed public key to a compressed public key, you can omit the y value because the y value can be solved for using the equation of the elliptic curve: y² = x³ + 7. Since the equation solves for y², the right side of the equation could be either positive or negative. So, 0x02 is prepended for positive y values, and 0x03 is prepended for negative ones. If the last binary digit of the y coordinate is 0, then the number is even, which corresponds to positive. If it is 1, then it is negative. The compressed version of the public key becomes:

The prefix is 0x02 because the y coordinate ends in 0xa4 , which is even, therefore positive.

Address Generation

There are multiple Bitcoin address types, currently P2SH or pay-to-script hash is the default for most wallets. P2PKH was the predecessor and stands for Pay to Public Key Hash. Scripts give you more functionality, which is one reason why they are more popular. We’ll first generate a P2PKH original format address, followed by the now standard P2SH .

The public key from the previous output is hashed first using sha256 and then hashed using ripemd160 . This shortens the number of output bytes and ensures that in case there is some unforeseen relationship between elliptic curve and sha256, another unrelated hash function would significantly increase the difficulty of reversing the operation:

Note that since the input is a string, the xxd -r -p will convert the hex string into binary and then output it in hexdump style (ascii), which is what the openssl hashing functions expect as input.

Now that we have hashed the public key, we now perform base58check encoding. Base58check allows the hash to be displayed in a more compact way (using more letters of the alphabet) while avoiding characters that could be confused with each other such as 0 and O where a typo could result in your losing your funds. A checksum is applied to make sure the address was transmitted correctly without any data corruption such as mistyping the address.

Bitcoin P2PKH addresses begin with the version byte value 0x00 denoting the address type and end with a 4 byte checksum. First we prepend the version byte (prefix) to our public key hash and calculate and append the checksum before we encode it using base58 :

Note: -c denotes a checksum is to be applied. The checksum is calculated as checksum = SHA256(SHA256(prefix+data)) and only the first 4 bytes of the hash are appended to the end of the data.

The resulting value is a P2PKH address that can be used to receive Bitcoin: 16JrGhLx5bcBSA34kew9V6Mufa4aXhFe9X

Pay-to-Script Hash

The new default address type is a pay-to-script-hash, where instead of paying to a pubKey hash, it is a script hash. Bitcoin has a scripting language, you can read more about it here. Basically it allows for things like multiple signature requirements to send Bitcoin or a time delay before you are allowed to send funds, etc. A commonly used script is a P2WPKH (Pay to Witness Public Key Hash): OP_0 0x14

where the PubKey Hash is the RIPEMD160 of the SHA256 of the public key, as before, and 0x14 is the number of bytes in the PubKey Hash. So, to turn this script into an address, you simply apply BASE58CHECK to the RIPEMD160 of the SHA256 of the script OP_0 0x14

except you prepend 0x05 to the script hash instead of 0x00 to denote the address type is a P2SH address.

If you like the article, check out my course on how to Become a Bitcoin + Blockchain Programmer.

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All steps private key bitcoin

Bitcoin Private Key Fixer

This tool can find and fix a random typo. If the private key has 1 symbol that is not correct, the tool will find it and change it to its real value and will restore the original private key .

It can find up to 4-5 missing symbols from the private key assuming we know the positions of those missing symbols. It will also work with more missing symbols but with each symbol we add we will slow the script

60 times so it practically becomes useless after the

5th missing character (depending on your computer).

It can also find up to 8-9 missing symbols if they are at the end of the private key .

This is all said below but since people are very cautions and suspicious (as they SHOULD be with such tools) I want to emphasize on it. The only safe way to use the tool is to follow these exact steps:

Download the code -> turn off your internet -> run the code and find the key -> sweep the private key with a mobile wallet to transfer the funds -> remove the tool (instructions below) -> restart computer -> turn on internet.

Even if you haven’t found the key for some reason, you still have to remove the tool and restart the computer before going back online.

The script will only work if

1. The private key is in a WIF compressed or uncompressed format. This is a Wallet Import Format that is 51 or 52 characters long (assuming no missing symbols) and should start with 5 for the 51 chars version and with K or L for the 52 chars version.
2. The public address that is associated with the private key in question is known.

The basic functionality in the popular https://www.bitaddress.org website for generating a single wallet generates the public address and the private key in those exact formats and they are widely used.

They look like these:

Public address: 1CjV8fZz6R8LTwFaAsRUwWFEJbtEXQp7iu

Private key: L3mopevKjjjcy2mqVbcHs2zWwoujMRpzRyN6mpidwdqmMPmqc6t2

If you don’t have Node.js you have to download it and install it first.

Then run the following commands into the Terminal (for MacOS) or the Command Prompt (for Windows) to download the tool and start playing with it.

At this point it would be best to turn off your internet connection and continue offline because your computer might be infected with viruses or malware. It is also recommended to have a mobile Bitcoin wallet nearby so if the private key is indeed recovered, the funds can be immediately transfered to it because the key would no longer be considered safe (some malicious program might intercept it and steal it).

Restore by fixing a single typo

To fix a typo in the private key, replace the and the with your known public address and your broken private key and run the command in the Terminal .

Restore up to 4-5 missing simbols

To restore missing characters from the WIF private key, replace the and the with your known public address and your private key , put underscore _ on each position where you are missing a symbol and run the command in the Terminal .

For example (3 missing, replaced with _ )

Recovering 3 missing symbols is almost instant and recovering 4 should take

Restore up to 8-9 missing simbols at the end

To restore missing characters from the end at the WIF private key, replace the and the with your known public address and your private key and run the command in the Terminal .

For example (7 missing)

Recovering 7 missing symbols is almost instant and recovering 8 should take

Going back online

If a private key was successfully recovered and the BTC funds were transfered out, it would be best to first delete the tool by running the following comamnd into the Terminal cd ../ && rm -Rf bitcoin-private-key-fixer then restart your computer and only then it would be relatively safe to connect back to the internet.

If a private key is successfully restored any donation would be highly appreciated.

About

This tool fixes a mistyped character in a Bitcoin Private Key, restores up to 5 missing character or up to 9 at the end.

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All private keys.
Leaked Bitcoin and
Altcoin keys.

This site is created to check the safety of Bitcoin network, explain how Blockchain works, show problems of algorithm and add some fun to cryptography.

All private keys list

Whole range of Bitcoin and Bitcoin Cash Private Keys, compressed/ uncompressed, SegWit and HD wallet. Whole wallets including YOURS.
Don’t believe?

Try your luck

Do you think it’s easy to find chest of Bitcoin treasures? Take a chance! Open page with 20 random generated addresses with count of transactions.

Attack to brain wallet

A brain wallet is a hashing of passphrase to create a private key. Humans are pretty bad at being original. REALLY bad at being random. We generate random wallets by popular dictionary.

Check Bitcoin address

We hope you did not find your address in leaked database. But you can see other users’ private keys. These keys are compormised now.

Private and Public Keys

A bitcoin wallet contains a collection of key pairs, each consisting of a private key and a public key. The private key (k) is a number, usually picked at random. From the private key, we use elliptic curve multiplication, a one-way cryptographic function, to generate a public key (K). From the public key (K), we use a one-way cryptographic hash function to generate a bitcoin address (A). In this section we will start with generating the private key, look at the elliptic curve math that is used to turn that into a public key, and finally, generate a bitcoin address from the public key.

Private Keys

A private key is simply a number, picked at random. Ownership and control over the private key is the root of user control over all funds associated with the corresponding bitcoin address. The private key is used to create signatures that are required to spend bitcoins by proving ownership of funds used in a transaction. The private key must remain secret at all times, as revealing it to a third party is equivalent to giving them control over the bitcoins secured by that key.

The private key must also be backed up and protected from accidental loss, since if lost it cannot be recovered and the funds secured by it are forever lost too.

Generating a private key from a random number

The first and most important step in generating keys is to find a secure source of entropy, or randomness. Creating a bitcoin key is essentially the same as “Pick a number between 1 and 2^256“. The exact method you use to pick that number does not matter as long as it Is not predictable or repeatable.

Bitcoin software uses the underlying operating system’s random number generators to produce 256 bits of entropy (randomness). Usually, the OS random number generator is initialized by a human source of randomness, which is why you may be asked to wiggle your mouse around for a few seconds. For the truly paranoid, nothing beats dice, pencil and paper.

How to see all keys

All Bitcoin private keys is simply an integer between number 1 and 115792089237316195423570985008687907852837564279074904382605163141518161494337 or HEX: from 1 to 0xfffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffebaaedce6af48a03bbfd25e8cd0364141. The integer range of valid private keys is governed by the secp256k1 ECDSA standard used by Bitcoin.

We just generate a range of these integers in sequence, divide into pages and show on each page. We can’t store it and we have not saved database, because it should be biggest base on the world.

You can find Private key in WIF (Wallet Import/Export Format) and compressed key. Bitcoin addresses in compressed/ uncompressed formats, SegWit (P2SH-P2WPKH) and native Segwit (P2WPKH) addesses start bc1, Pay to script hash (P2SH) starting with 3; legacy Bitcoin Cash addresses and new format.

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